Power Supply Substitutes?

Let's say I have an applicance, like a computer speaker, microwave or vacuum cleaner, and one of the power cords for those items stopped working or I couldn't find them, and I believe I have other power cords in the house that are OF THE SAME TYPE.

How do I confirm if I have another cord that is of the same kind? I can confirm a USB cord, Ethernet cord, coaxial cable, etc.

But how do I find out if two power cords are the same? I recently found out a wireless phone charger was the same as the charging cable for my game boy color...and my Original Xbox Wireless Adapter charging cable was the same as the charging cable for my PSP, etc.

However, with the cell phone and the game boy, I just "went and did it" and it happened to work.

But I didn't attempt the Xbox adapter cable and the PSP, but the ports looked the same. I don't want to keep doing this to everything since I risk damaging something, on the inside and on the out.
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Is there something I can reference to tell me power cord A functions the same way as power cord B? I guess it's the writings on the plug that goes to the wall...but what do I refer to on those writings that tell me two power supplies are the same? Also half of them don't have fat power plugs with a lot of writing on them, actually they have no writing.

...Actually, I think the ones that have to writing are then not power adapters...and are attached to the device and is not seperable...right?

I went on a forum once and read something saying, as long as the power adapter provides the minimum voltage and has the right plug (some are so similar and barely fit..kind of hard to tell if a cord is fully compatible with a device for this reason...but I did read something about there being a power cord jack that was "positive inside and negative outside" for a Linksys router or something like that...)

Does any of this info ring a bell? I'm really obsessed with not messing up by electronic devices by putting in wrong cables and power supplies...I once inserted my PS2's RCA plugs into the back of my 3.5mm computer speakers...and something went wrong.
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My Computer

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    I5 3570K
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    Creative Inspire 7.1 T7900 Speakers
    Trust Graphics Tablet
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