Vista - Cannot update anything, 80080005

I can say only one word: PASS

The whole key is damaged!

Any effort as said Borg

"The resist are futile"

Try these but I'm not guarantee they will work also

System Restore - undo
(I suggest METHOD I)
Repair Install For Vista

One more question. What if I recovered just the software file of the registry?

Windows\System32\config\Software

Well if you have any good SOFTWARE file...that yes ->it is any chance for you

On a client's computer running VB 32bit I had the same problem - no updates. Windows Modules Installer could not be started -- The specified module could not be found.
I replaced the whole Windows\Servicing folder from Vista SP1 DVD - no fix.
As a last resort I used ProcMon to log what's going on when TrustedInstaller attempted to start. When filtered on the TrustedInstaller.Exe process I found that right before exit the process tried to open the file
C:\WINDOWS\winsxs\x86_microsoft-windows-servicingstack_31bf3856ad364e35_6.0.6001.18000_none_095f6148c74a7a64\wrpint.dll unsuccessfully.
I checked and found the file wrpint.dll was indeed missing from that folder.
I found the file in the immediate above folder
C:\WINDOWS\winsxs\x86_microsoft-windows-servicingstack_31bf3856ad364e35_6.0.6000.16386_none_07289f4cca5f6990
Broke permissions and copied the file. It fixed the problem, the service started and updates have been installed.

If you compare your and @MrWonderful threads there are really similar -but there are also seriously difference
This folder:
is noticed in registry in HKLM\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Component Based Servicing\Version (exactly value and coresponding folder depends of system version,update status) see image in post 30,@MrWonderful had damaged all CBS subkeys (including also Version subkey) his whole CBS key I showed in post 41,no chance to reconstruct,your problem was only missing those folder which Version subkey describe.
Neverless really error 80080005 relate to corrupted Version key or folder which this key point